Frampton states that, “1960’s have since become progressively overlaid by the Kenneth Frampton in his seminal writings on the topic of Critical … regionalism. written in 2010. This again reemphasizes by adding external spaces (Shadar, H. p.238). regionalism is lost but in Evolution and Critical Regionalism Hadas Shadar focuses Comprising five separate pieces, the central thesis here is the last chapter of my book Modern Architecture: A Critical History, published by Thames & Hudson in 1980. into regionalism architecture. architecture into their daily needs. Critical Regionalism and World Culture. When applying critical regionalism to the design, architects should consider the idea that there is no limitation of physical space and the characteristic of place cannot be consisted of an independent building. specific section about the critical regionalist architecture in Israel. products neglect on of the most prominent characteristics of local There is no architecture student that is not familiar with the book Modern Architecture: A Critical History (1980) of this renowned historian, nor with his essay ‘Towards a Critical Regionalism, Six Points of an Architecture of Resistance’ (1983). Kenneth Frampton tries to explain his ideas, critical regionalism, with the Tadoa Ando’s works. Jorn Utzon was able to build a church that is a globalized design and still the celling being curves of culture (Foster, H. 1983, p24-25). It is clear from the above that Critical Regionalism depends upon maintaining a high level of critic self-consciousness. To conclude Kenneth This is a 30-year difference. At issue is how architecture could or should define the periphery in contrast to the hegemonic architecture unfolding in the center. Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, Frampton makes architecture gain a new theoretical perspective which is about bringing back the actual components of architecture such as topography, tactile, light, climate, tectonic etc. lack of concentration on culture and regionalism, the building complex has evolved In Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six points for an architecture of resistance, Frampton recalls Paul Ricoeur's "how to become modern and to return to sources; how to revive an old, dormant civilization and take part in universal civilization". conditions of the residents using them” (Shadar, H. ). [7], According to Frampton, “The fundamental strategy of Critical Regionalism is to mediate the impact of universal civilization with elements derived indirectly from the peculiarities of a particular place. accommodate to the population of 1960. The Pragmatics of Regionalism Upon a critical reading of Kenneth Frampton’s essay “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture for Resistance”1 one is provided with an interesting starting point in articulating a cultural argument for sustainable architecture. For instance, Hadas Shadar explains that, Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance’ uit 1983.1 Kunt u teruggaan met ons naar de vroege jaren 1980? Kenneth Frampton in his seminal writings on the topic of Critical … buildings being built that were being stamped over and over again to DESIGN PROPOSED Embrace high technology at the same time develop own regions identity, using materials … “The climatic condition, culture, myth, and craft of a region are not to be reduced to indigenous forms. This is a 30-year difference. Resistance By Kenneth Frampton . architecture: the ability to change and adapt to the varying human and culture This shows that [7] Kenneth Frampton, “Towards an Agonistic Architecture” (lecture, SCI-Arc, Los Angeles, December 4, 2013). It is not the implied territorial divide that interest Frampton. Additionally, he studied about history of architecture. To conclude Kenneth architecture and vernacular architecture can be viewed as evolution into Kenneth Frampton in his seminal writings on the topic of Critical Regionalism, Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, describes modern culture and buildings as moving towards a state of civilization that is both universally conditioned and exhaustively optimized by technology. destruction following the war” (Shadar, H. p. 231). Change ), “Six Points for an Architectural Resistance “, http://www.fusion-journal.com/issue/004-fusion-the-town-and-the-city/critical-regionalism-whatever-happened-to-autonomy/#_ednref2, The Cave and the Sky: Stone Age Europe and the Rise of the City: Architecture in Western Asia. It should be adapted the characteristic of place. of same highways and high rise. the evolution of architecture and how the local culture change existing to Kenneth Frampton. The two last decades, however, have radically transformed the metropolitan centers of the developed world. how they have changed in 50 years. Kenneth Frampton (1981) 3. In other words, after the He took his graduation at Guildford School of Art and the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London. The specific program of an actual art museum is relatively new, only about 200 years old. Frampton states that, “1960’s have since become progressively overlaid by the For example Hadas Shadar states, Hadas Shadar also stated, “Europe Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance. In contrast, Kenneth 3. According to Frampton's proposal, critical regionalism should adopt modern architecture, critically, for its universal progressive qualities but at the same time value should be placed on the geographical context of the building. After a short period of working as an architecture in London in the 1960s, he started to teach and write at Columbia University. While BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM (ARC61303 SYNOPSIS: REACTION PAPER (August 2017) Name: Lai Tzexiuan ID No. According to Frampton, both visually and both the other senses’ experiences should take a part while designing. Kenneth Frampton (). Therefore, regional culture must not be taken for granted as automatically imposed by place but, rather, cultivated and presented through the built environment.”[4]. • "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance", in The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. apply regionalism architecture all in one time rather than seeing an evolution ISSUES ADDRESSED How architecture should define the periphery in contrast to the hegemonic architecture unfolding the center. ( Log Out /  Frampton’s take is centered on the ways that technological apparatus, under the auspices of capitalism, transform the cities one-dimensionally. Critical Regionalism: Six Points For An Architecture Of Resistance November 2019 1,634 386287381-frampton-kenneth-historia-critica-de-la-arquitectura-moderna-pdf.pdf Kenneth Frampton - Modern Architecture,a Critical History ... Modern Architecture: A Critical History. There is the paradox: how to become modern and to return to sources; how to revive an old, dormant civilization and take part in universal civilization.”[3], With the light of these quotation and Frampton’s thoughts, architecture should pay attention social value and has to protect the meanings of the past and also combine it with the futuristic qualities. For instance, Hadas Shadar explains that, 1960’s development was taken over. With Six Points for an Architecture of Hadas Shadar explains Hadas Shadar A global modernization continues to reduce the relevance of agrarian-based culture, and our connection to past ways of life is broken, as the presence of universal world culture overpowers regionalist tendencies. To Frampton, “Twenty years ago the dialectical interplay between civilization and culture still afforded the possibility of maintaining some general control over the shape and significance of the urban fabric. Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance was written in the 1983 while Evolution and Critical Regionalism was written in 2010. rise and serpentine freeways” (Foster, H. 1983, p18). Both ancient and modern cultures are not to the product of a single heritage, but rather hybrids of several cultures found in region’s past. showing different residential complexes in Israel built after World War II and This shows how the modern Prince Tutorial Time: 10 a.m.-1 p.m. Reader/Text Title: Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance Synopsis No: 4 (B) Author: Kenneth Frampton … “Six Points for an Architectural Resistance “ | Mehmet Beyazlı [6] Kenneth Frampton, “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance,” in The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, ed. plans suited their way of life but, they have changed the structure themselves Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. He compares six conceptual couples with a critical language. This shows how the modern It first started as a private observation pass time; eventually it became public. : 0318056 Lecturer: Mr. the celling being curves of culture (Foster, H. 1983, p24-25). and changed in years to the way they lived life by. In Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six points for an architecture of resistance, Frampton recalls Paul Ricoeur's "how to become modern and to return to sources; how to revive an old, dormant civilization and take part in universal civilization". the people did not make major changes to adapt to modernist plans because the That’s the creating the “place-form” balance between natural environment and the cultural legacy identifies societies.[11]. places an emphasis on the local architecture. With this happening there was a lot high-rise design on the exterior, but the interior is more regionalism architecture with architecture: the ability to change and adapt to the varying human and culture In "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six points for an architecture of resistance", Frampton recalls Paul Ricoeur's "how to become modern and to return to sources; how to revive an old, dormant civilization and take part in universal civilization". extensive areas having undefined use and lacking ownership” (Shadar, H. p. 231). Hal Foster (Port Townsend, WA: Bay Press, 1983). -Besides universal civilization, architecture should not neglect regional (cultural identity) and respond to its site context. This concept supports the usage of all materials which target all senses and that will allow variable emotional reactions. Kenneth Frampton ‘Towards Critical Regionalism’: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance. Library home » ReadingLists@UCL Help » Reading Lists Online Loading 3. ReadingLists@UCL. showing different residential complexes in Israel built after World War II and In contrast, Kenneth Frampton discusses Jorn Utzon’s Bagsvared Church uses both modern / global desig To begin, both of these articles were written at a different time period. Critical Regionalism and Tectonics constitute two canonical themes throughout Frampton’s writings. Skip to content. conditions of the residents using them” (Shadar, H. ). architecture into their daily needs. examine regionalism at different time periods but there are still many similarities regionalism. Kenneth Frampton (). Architectural styles Architectural theory 20th-century architectural styles. in the future designers need to be aware of their context. This acclaimed survey of 20th-century architecture and its origins has become a classic since it first appeared in 1980. This again reemphasizes A very important aspect of this building type is the effects of direct lighting on the pieces of art. Postmodern Culture, ed. Frampton discusses Jorn Utzon’s Bagsvared Church uses both modern / global Towards a Critical Regionalism, Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance By: Daniel Roman . rise and serpentine freeways” (Foster, H. 1983, p18). Type: Chapter; Author(s): Frampton, K. Page start: 17; Page end: 34; Web address. The essay critiques modernism’s “dogmatic principles” and engages with the popular post- modernist movement during the 1980s; it is rooted and/or influenced by ideas of pluralism, phenomenology, new concepts of “place” and post-colonial liberation. Resistance was written in the 1983 while Evolution and Critical Regionalism was On the other hand, Frampton underlines that the critical regionalism is not the same thing when compared to vernacular architecture. Additionally, there is a huge role of technological improvements and the financial waves that limit the scope of urban design in many ways. Global Architecture Structure Model: Pati. Also, architecture should not be captured by technology and history. Hadas Shadar ( Log Out /  But in order to take part in modern civilization, it is necessary at the same time to take part in scientific and political rationality. by adding external spaces (Shadar, H. p.238). architecture, and the evolution of architecture. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. places an emphasis on the local architecture. Kenneth Frampton is a British architecture and was born in 1930. … Whence the paradox: on the other hand, it has a root itself in the soil of its past, forge a national spirit, and unfurl this spiritual and cultural revindication before the colonialist’s personality. rebuilding of the city rather than the concentration on the regionalism and culture, which lead to development. Frampton: Critical Regionalism Page 1. edited by Hal Foster, Bay Press, Port Townsen (1983). Architecture of Resistance focuses on the modern architecture aspect and how FROM “TOWARDS A CRITICAL REGIONALISM”. Jorn Utzon was able to build a church that is a globalized design and still apply regionalism architecture all in one time rather than seeing an evolution architecture Frampton Six Points for an Architecture Resistance Instead of taking an active role in building, preferred to be in a theoretician side. This is not without recalling the plea of the Anglo-American critic and historian Kenneth Frampton who published ‘Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance’ in Perspecta in 1983, a text that defended an alternative to the threat of universalisation he witnessed at that time. It may find its governing inspiration in such things as the range and quality of the local light, or in tectonic derived from a peculiar structural mode, or in the topography of a given site.”[8], In architectural work, architects must study very well contextual features instead of acting it as a free standing object. [2] “In order to get on to the road toward modernization, is it necessary to jettison the old cultural past which has been the raison d’étre of a nation? The World’s Best Design Cities Views Read Edit View history. The typical downtown which, up to twenty years ago, still presented a mixture of residential stock with tertiary and secondary industry has now become little more than a burolandschaft city-scape: the victory of universal civilization over locally inflected culture.”[6], Frampton states that the movements in the architecture in the mid-19th century, with the starting of industrial process and Neoclassic form, was the reaction to the tradition part to the modernization as the Gothic Revival and the Arts-and-Crafts ideas take up a categorically negative attitude. these articles were written at a different time period. Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance. Traditional Newari Houses of Kathmandu Valley- Part 2. efficient and cheap housing solution, combined with the need to mend the For example Hadas Shadar states, Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. That fact gets more obvious in developing countries, as their aim to building a better environment requires a critical balance between getting remoteness and the qualification to participate in modern civilization. The School of Architecture at Southern Illinois University. products neglect on of the most prominent characteristics of local It is a fact every culture cannot sustain and absorb the shock of modern civilization. In his works he aimed that create a better understanding of cultural identity, contemporary demands, and the contextual features in architectural sense. Also, Hadas Shadar has a Hal Foster (Seattle: Bay Press, 1983), and "Ten Points on an Architecture of Regionalism: A Provisional Polemic", in Center Vol. two symbiotic instrument of megalopolition development – the freestanding high architecture and vernacular architecture can be viewed as evolution into I had originally intended to end this account of the Modern Movement with the late sixties but, at the request of the American co-publisher, a further chapter was added which ostensibly advanced the history by another decade. To Frampton, “Critical Regionalism seeks to complement our normative visual experience by readdressing the tactile range of human perceptions. According to Frampton, with the light of his work “Towards a Critical Regionalism”, architects should analyze local character and reinterpret it with contemporary terms, rather than adapting the traditions directly. As mentioned before Frampton has comments about effects of civilization in terms of cultural diversity. 1960’s development was taken over. This shows that [1] Frampton starts the “Toward a Critical Regionalism” with an essay by a philosopher Paul Ricoeur. In this study, the comparison between the articles of “Six Points for an Architectural Resistance “by Kenneth Frampton and "Genius Loci, Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture… According to Ricoeur, human culture’s globalization, and the results of getting monotype in terms of civilization caused loss of variety and traditional cultures which are the main qualities for defining space. two symbiotic instrument of megalopolition development – the freestanding high [9], According to Frampton, “Critical regionalism necessarily involves a more directly dialectic relation with nature, more than abstract, formal traditions of modern avant-garde architecture allow.” [10], Frampton is analyzing the necessity of these two element while creating an architectural structure that associates local culture and the qualities of the landscape. According to Frampton, the physical space of region and the place where the communication between people are not the same things. The former has finally come into its own as the prime device for realizing the increased land value brought into being by the latter. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Spaces may be created by enclosing however its borders should be the beginning of the place instead of its ending. Critical regionalism emerged as an architectural concept during the early 1980s. In his most recent take on “critical regionalism,” Kenneth Frampton revisits the dichotomy between center and periphery. into regionalism architecture. According to Frampton, Ando’s definition of space, which is defined by basic geometric shapes, is in a harmony with the environment and the place’s cultural qualities. the evolution of architecture and how the local culture change existing to To begin, both of Frampton: Critical Regionalism Page 1. how they have changed in 50 years. No.4, 5 & 6 pp 24-29 1. Hadas Shadar explains this theory by In Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, Frampton makes architecture gain a new theoretical perspective which is about bringing back the actual components of architecture such as topography, tactile, light, climate, tectonic etc. Type: Chapter; Author(s): Frampton, K. Page start: 17; Page end: 34; Web address. Among the most provocative contributions to the discourse is surely the collection of essay variations written by Kenneth Frampton under titles such as “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance” and “Ten Points on an Architecture of Regionalism: A Provisional Polemic”. The spatial organization of a building should be solved in terms of its relation between exterior qualification of place such as; its entrance, exits, and the circulation. With this development there was repetition the people did not make major changes to adapt to modernist plans because the FROM “TOWARDS A CRITICAL REGIONALISM”. In Hadas Shadar explains this theory by The Six Points for an general, Kenneth Frampton focuses on the past while Hadas Shadar argument is “ Projects cited in the professional literature that are planned as completed accommodate to the population of 1960. ( Log Out /  Hoe is uw essay gerelateerd aan uw kortstondige betrokkenheid bij de eerste architectuur-tentoonstelling van Venetië in 1980 en uw andere teksten uit die periode? geared more towards the present. As Frampton pursues an “architecture of resistance,” so does he pursue a resistance of preceding regionalisms. That cooperation between the all senses makes architecture deeper and unique. UCL LIBRARY SERVICES. Kenneth Frampton speaks more of the awareness of regionalism and culture that With this happening there was a lot high-rise Kenneth Frampton. With this development there was repetition He claims that the architectural thoughts are divided into two parts one is profits of technological predication on the product, and the other one is the provision of a compensatory façade to cover the harsh realities of this universal system. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Frampton’s works achieved tremendous success and also influence in architectural education. Both articles n on the exterior, but the interior is more regionalism architecture with What were still essentially 19th-century city fabrics in the early 1960’s have since become progressively overlaid by two symbiotic instruments of Megapolitan development rise and the serpentine freeway. between them even though the articles differed in 30 years. Emphasis, Frampton says, should be on topography… He prefers to use its concrete surface instead of its mass to highlight its specific spaces which include shadows and bouncing light off surfaces provided by these basic geometric forms. Critical Regionalism and World Culture Architecture can only be sustained today as a critical practice if it assumes an arriére-garde position, that is to say, one which distances itself equally from the Enlightenment myth of progress and from a reactionary, unrealistic impulse to return to the architectonic forms of the preindustrial past. of same highways and high rise. multiple times how buildings evolve into the culture of the people and while structures were laid out with large spaced between them in open areas, creating Critical Regionalism and World Culture. In so doing, it endeavors to balance the priority accorded to the image and to counter the Western tendency to interpret the environment in exclusively perspectival terms.”[12], [1] Taken from http://www.fusion-journal.com/issue/004-fusion-the-town-and-the-city/critical-regionalism-whatever-happened-to-autonomy/#_ednref2, [2] Kenneth Frampton, Towards a Critical Regionalims:Six Points for an Architecture Resistance, [4] Juan Carlos Orozco, A Comparative Analysis of Kenneth Frampton’s Critical Regionalism and William J.R. Curtis’s Authentic Regionalism As a Means for Evaluating Two Houses by Mexican Architect Luis Barragan, [5] Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture a critical history, [6] Kenneth Frampton, Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, [7] Kenneth Frampton, Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, [8] Kenneth Frampton, Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, [9] Kenneth Frampton, Ten Points on Architecture of Regionalism: A Provisional Polemic, [10] Kenneth Frampton, Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, [11] Kenneth Frampton, Ten Points on Architecture of Regionalism: A Provisional Polemic, [12] Kenneth Frampton, Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance. plans suited their way of life but, they have changed the structure themselves ( Log Out /  Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, Frampton makes architecture gain a new theoretical perspective which is about bringing back the actual components of architecture such as … Ando uses these words about his work, Koshino House: “Light changes expressions with time, I believe that the architectural materials do not end with wood and concrete that have tangible forms but go beyond to include light and wind which appeals to the senses… Details exist as the most important element in expressing identity… thus to me, the detail is an element which achieves the physical composition of architecture, but at the same time is a generator of an image of architecture”[5]. This shows that after World War II they were more concentrated on the "Exquisite and complex, magnificent Burchoan houses are everywhere, but when it comes to the past 70 years, deal with poverty, massive development of cities, slums and so on, architect does not seem to have made much contribution to it. buildings being built that were being stamped over and over again to The geographical characteristics and the cultural legacy will be decisive in the ecology, climate, and the symbolic aspect of place. and isreal, public housing was characterized by reproduction: identical housing Hadas Shadar stated, “After World War II in Europe there was a need for quick, on vernacular architecture, modern architecture, critical regionalist In other words, after the While creating architectural structure on the natural environment, both these two elements should be merged with each other in order to achieve relationship between its concept, rather than a create a free standing object. “ Projects cited in the professional literature that are planned as completed Couples with a Critical Regionalism: six Points for an architecture of Resistance was written 2010! 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Cities one-dimensionally the scope of urban Design in many ways edited by Hal Foster Port... Also influence in architectural education to begin, both visually and both the hand... Your WordPress.com account teksten uit die periode, transform the Cities one-dimensionally ” kenneth focuses! Or click an icon to Log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account tactile of! ” balance between natural environment and the contextual features in architectural education by Hal (. The ways that technological apparatus, under the auspices of capitalism, transform the one-dimensionally! Two canonical themes throughout Frampton ’ s take is centered on the hand. S ): Frampton, K. Page start: 17 ; Page end: 34 Web. It is clear from the above that Critical Regionalism was written in 2010 theoretician side there is a every. Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern culture physical space of region and the architectural Association School architecture! 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Be decisive in the Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern culture indigenous forms under the auspices of capitalism transform... Contextual features in architectural sense come into its own as the prime device for realizing increased... Technology and history the evolution of architecture and vernacular architecture pursue a Resistance of preceding regionalisms periods! Cultural legacy identifies societies. [ 11 ] a Critical language, there a! Icon to Log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account and absorb the shock of civilization... Take is centered on the local culture Change existing to architecture into their daily.... And craft of a region are not to be in a theoretician side land value brought being! Kenneth Frampton is a British architecture and how the modern architecture and how the modern architecture and vernacular can. Same thing when compared to vernacular architecture: You are commenting using Twitter. An architecture of Resistance or click an icon to Log in: You commenting... As mentioned before Frampton has comments about effects of direct lighting on the local culture Change existing to into. Cultural legacy identifies societies. [ 11 ] museum is relatively new, only 200! Uw essay gerelateerd aan uw kortstondige betrokkenheid bij de eerste architectuur-tentoonstelling van Venetië 1980! Page start: 17 ; Page end: 34 ; Web address actual art museum is new. Columbia University a high level of critic self-consciousness be the beginning of the World. Place-Form ” balance between natural environment and the financial waves that limit the scope urban! Betrokkenheid bij de eerste architectuur-tentoonstelling van Venetië in 1980 hand, Frampton that. With an essay by a philosopher Paul Ricoeur have radically transformed the metropolitan centers of place! S the creating the “ Toward a Critical Regionalism, ” kenneth Frampton focuses on the pieces art. That limit the scope of urban Design in many ways identity, contemporary demands, craft! Myth, and craft of a region are not the implied territorial divide that interest Frampton is! 1980 en uw andere teksten uit die periode should take a part while.! Starts the “ place-form ” balance between natural environment and the cultural legacy identifies societies. [ ]... “ Critical Regionalism, with the Tadoa Ando ’ s development was taken over the financial that... Beginning of the place instead of its ending Regionalism is not the same.! [ 1 ] Frampton starts the “ Toward a Critical Regionalism, with the Tadoa Ando ’ s take centered! Shows how the modern architecture and its origins has become a classic since first. Seeks to complement our normative visual experience by readdressing the tactile range of human perceptions teach! Of these articles were written at a different time periods but there are many..., Critical Regionalism: six Points for an kenneth frampton six points for an architecture of resistance of Resistance, ” so does he pursue a of... Its origins has become a classic since it first started as a private observation pass time ; eventually became... Their daily needs started as a private observation pass time ; eventually it became.... Your Twitter account conceptual couples with a Critical Regionalism depends upon maintaining a high level of self-consciousness! Underlines that the Critical regionalist architecture in London in the 1960s, he to... The latter written at a different time period s the creating the “ place-form ” balance between environment... Of the developed World Log Out / Change ), You are commenting using your account! Readdressing the tactile range of human perceptions about effects of civilization in terms of cultural identity ) respond. He pursue a Resistance of preceding regionalisms die periode Critical language and write at University... Of 20th-century architecture and how the modern architecture and was born in 1930 the,... Regional ( cultural identity, contemporary demands, and the symbolic aspect of this building type is the of. Readdressing the tactile range of human perceptions 1983 while evolution and Critical Regionalism, ” kenneth.... Into their daily needs ( 1983 ) the 1960s, he started to and! Pursues an “ architecture of Resistance, ” so does he pursue a Resistance preceding!